Public open space initiatives for healthier cities in Rwanda
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Published:
Apr 30, 2020
Keywords:
public open space resilience masterplan secondary city Kigali Nyagatare Rwanda
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Abstract
With a population of close to 13 million, and an annual growth rate of 2.86 percent, Rwanda plans to position itself as a climate resilient, low carbon, low unemployment, reduced poverty country, with a strong services sector by 2050. Its projected increase in its urbanization rate from a current value of 18.4 percent to 35 percent by 2024 is driven by strong political will, significant investments in infrastructure, service provision, and human capital development. Rwanda’s secondary cities, identified as economic nodes of growth, are currently undergoing revision of their masterplans in consideration of climate change realities and the pressure on infrastructure and services due to rapid urbanization. Currently, cities in Rwanda do not yet have a system of public open spaces. Where available, such spaces are usually hardly accessible and need upgrading. To address this, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Rwanda Housing Authority, City of Kigali and six secondary cities have committed to deliver on public open space related activities and targets under the yearly performance contract ‘Imihigo’. The outcomes of their commitments support the climate-responsive revision of masterplans of the City of Kigali and six secondary cities. This paper presents public open space initiatives in Kigali and the results of the technical assessment of public open spaces and participatory planning and design workshop in Nyagatare, secondary city in Rwanda’s. It also discusses ongoing policy changes and initiatives that aim to promote public open spaces as crucial for urban public health.
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How to Cite
Gubic, I. and Baloi, O. (2020) “Public open space initiatives for healthier cities in Rwanda”, The Journal of Public Space, 5(2), pp. 129–146. doi: 10.32891/jps.v5i2.1287.
Section
Systems
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References
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Cicea, C., & Pirlogea, C. (2011). Green spaces and public health in urban areas. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 6(1), pp. 83–92.
Dhakal, R. S., Syme, G., Andre, E., & Sabato, C. (2015). Sustainable water management for urban agriculture, gardens and public open space irrigation: A case study in Perth. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 676–685.
Fam, D., Mosley, E., Lopes, A., Mathieson, L., Morison, J., & Connellan, G. (2008). Irrigation of urban green spaces: A review of the environmental, social and eco- nomic benefits. Cooperative Research for Irrigation Futures Technical Report (Report 04/08). Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
Florindo, A., Vizeu-Barrozo, L., Cabral-Miranda, W., & Quieroti-Rodriques, E. (2017). Public open spaces and leisure-time walking in Brazilian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), 553.
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International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (2020). Rwanda general health risks: air pollution. Ontario: IAMAT. Available at https://www.iamat.org/country/rwanda/risk/air-pollution#.
Kalisa, E., Nagato, E., et al. (2017). Spatial Temporal Variability of PM2.5 in Urban Areas in Rwanda. Kanazawa International Symposium. Noto Peninsula: Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, p. 1.
Lochhead, H. (2017). Resilience by design: Can innovative processes deliver more? Paper presented at the International High-Performance Built Environment Conference, at the Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia.
London Healthy Urban Development Unit. (2014). Healthy Urban Planning Checklist. London: London Healthy Urban Development Unit. Available at https://www.healthyurbandevelopment.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Healthy-Urban-Planning-Checklist-March-2014.pdf.
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Ministry of Infrastructure. (2018). Rwanda committed to fast track green and public spaces. Ministry of Infrastructure. Available at http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=100&L=0&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews %5D=131&tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=6&tx_news_ pi1%5Bmonth%5D=9&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D= 2018&cHash=1f6c05fd95fe9f2298feb7c95f253a66.
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Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests, Water and Mines. (2004). National land policy. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Ministry of Natural Resources. (2017). National land use planning guidelines. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Mogo, E. R., Lerno, A., Abdeta, C., & Olufemi, O. (2019). Mounting an effective socio-ecological response to non-communicable diseases in Africa’s cities. Cities & Health, pp. 1-6.
NHS London Healthy Urban Development Unit. (2014). Healthy Urban Planning Checklist. London: NHS. Available at https://www.healthyurbandevelopment.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Healthy-Urban-Planning-Checklist-March-2014.pdf.
Nyagatare District. (2018). Nyagatare District Development Strategy. Nyagatare: Nyagatare District.
Parker, J., & Simpson, G. (2018). Visitors satisfaction with a public green infrastructure and urban nature space in Perth. Western Australia Land, 7, p. 159.
Peters, K., Elands, B., & Buijs, A. (2010). Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9(2), pp. 93–100.
Rakhshandehroo, M., Tahir, O. M., Yusof, M. J. M., & Yunos, M. Y. M. (2017). The environmental benefits of urban open green spaces: A literature review. Management Research and Practice, 7(4), pp. 60–71.
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Rwanda (2012). Law N° 24/2012 of 15/06/2012. Relating to the Planning of Land Use and Development in Rwanda. Official Gazette no. 31. 30 July 2012. Available at http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa114652.pdf.
Rwanda Environment Management Authority. (2017). Rwanda state of environment and outlook report 2017: Achieving sustainable urbanization. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Rwanda Environment Management Authority. (2018). Inventory of Sources of Air Pollution in Rwanda: Determination of Future Trends and Development of a National Air Quality Control Strategy. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Rwanda Housing Authority & Global Green Growth Institute. (2019). Mapping of Public Spaces to Inform Master Plan Review for Secondary Cities in Rwanda. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2019/09/FINAL-Mapping-of-Public-Spaces_Secondary-cities-in-Rwanda_2309.pdf.
Silva, M., & Costa, J. P. (2018). Urban floods and climate change adaptation: The potential of public space design when accommodating natural processes. Water, 10(2). Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020180.
UN General Assembly. (2016). Outcome document of the Habitat III thematic meeting on public spaces: Barcelona declaration. Barcelona: UN General Assembly. Available at http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Barcelona-Declaration.pdf.
United Nations. (2016). New urban agenda. New York, NY: United Nations. Available at http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf.
Zivanovic Milic, T., & Trkulja, S. (2017). Serbia and the Danube area in the light of the new urban agenda. Spatium, 38, pp. 51–58.
UN General Assembly. (2017). Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY: UN General Assembly. Available at https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313.
University of Rwanda. (2018). Rwanda: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Kigali and Huye. Kigali: GCRF Centre for Sustainable, Healthy and Learning Cities and Neighborhoods (SHLC).
World Bank. (2016). Rwanda Economic Geography and Urbanization Study; Note 2: Internal Migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2017). Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda: Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals. Note 4: Profiling Secondary Cities in Rwanda – Dynamics and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Barton, H., Grant, M., Mitcham, C. and Tsourou, C. (2009). Healthy urban planning in European cities. Health Promotion International, 24 (Suppl 1). i91-i99.
Cicea, C., & Pirlogea, C. (2011). Green spaces and public health in urban areas. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 6(1), pp. 83–92.
Dhakal, R. S., Syme, G., Andre, E., & Sabato, C. (2015). Sustainable water management for urban agriculture, gardens and public open space irrigation: A case study in Perth. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 676–685.
Fam, D., Mosley, E., Lopes, A., Mathieson, L., Morison, J., & Connellan, G. (2008). Irrigation of urban green spaces: A review of the environmental, social and eco- nomic benefits. Cooperative Research for Irrigation Futures Technical Report (Report 04/08). Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
Florindo, A., Vizeu-Barrozo, L., Cabral-Miranda, W., & Quieroti-Rodriques, E. (2017). Public open spaces and leisure-time walking in Brazilian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), 553.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2018a). GGGI leads “Urban Walk” in Nyagatare. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at http://gggi.org/gggi-leads-urban-walk-in-nyagatare
Global Green Growth Institute. (2018b). Citywide surveys on green and public spaces conducted in Huye, Nyagatare and Rubavu. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at http://gggi.org/significance-of-green-public-space-in-cities-to-human-and-environmental-health.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2018c). Green Climate Fund (GCF) Preparatory Awareness Workshop to Support Implementation of the Green City Development Projects in Nyagatare. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/green-climate-fund-gcf-preparatory-awareness-workshop-to-support-the-implementation-of-the-green-city-development-projects-in-nyagatare/.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2019a). Advocating for Green Cities and Green Buildings during the Urban Walk in Kigali. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/advocating-for-green-cities-and-green-buildings-during-the-urban-walk-in-kigali/.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2019b). GGGI hosts UN-Habitat’s Executive Director at the Inclusive Cities Talk in Kigali, Rwanda. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/gggi-hosts-un-habitats-executive-director-at-the-inclusive-cities-talk-in-kigali-rwanda/.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2019c). Ministry of Infrastructure and GGGI invite key stakeholders to discuss public space agenda in Rwanda. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/ministry-of-infrastructure-and-gggi-invite-key-stakeholders-to-discuss-public-space-agenda-in-rwanda/.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2019d). Citizens Participate in the Design Process for Green and Public Space in Nyagatare. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/citizens-participate-in-the-design-process-for-green-and-public-space-in-nyagatare/.
Global Green Growth Institute. (2019e). Rwanda GCF NDA and GGGI are Monitoring the Secondary Cities Master Plan Revision Process to Ensure Low Emission and Resilient Strategies and Incorporated in the Green City Development Plans. Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/rwanda-gcf-nda-and-gggi-are-monitoring-the-secondary-cities-master-plan-revision-process-to-ensure-low-emission-and-resilient-strategies-are-incorporated-in-the-green-city-development-plans/.
Government of Rwanda. (2011). Green growth and climate resilience: National strategy for climate change and low carbon development. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Grant, M. (2015). European Healthy City Network Phase V: Patterns emerging for Healthy Urban Planning. Health Promotion International, 30, Suppl 1, pp. i54-i70. Available at doi:10.1093/heapro/dav033.
Gubic, I., Baloi, O. (2019). Implementing the New Urban Agenda in Rwanda: Nation-Wide Public Space Initiatives. Urban Planning, 4(2), pp. 223-236.
Habitat III Secretariat. (2016). A conference of 30,000 voices. Quito: Habitat III Secretariat. Available at http://habitat3.org/documents-and-archive/final-reports/30000-voices-report.
Habitat III Secretariat. (2017). Habitat III issue papers. Quito: Habitat III Secretariat. Available at http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Habitat-III-Issue-Papers-report.pdf.
Hoffimann, E., Barros, H., & Ribeiro, A. (2017). Socioeconomic inequalities in green space quality and accessibility: Evidence from a Southern European city. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, p. 916.
International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (2020). Rwanda general health risks: air pollution. Ontario: IAMAT. Available at https://www.iamat.org/country/rwanda/risk/air-pollution#.
Kalisa, E., Nagato, E., et al. (2017). Spatial Temporal Variability of PM2.5 in Urban Areas in Rwanda. Kanazawa International Symposium. Noto Peninsula: Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, p. 1.
Lochhead, H. (2017). Resilience by design: Can innovative processes deliver more? Paper presented at the International High-Performance Built Environment Conference, at the Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia.
London Healthy Urban Development Unit. (2014). Healthy Urban Planning Checklist. London: London Healthy Urban Development Unit. Available at https://www.healthyurbandevelopment.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Healthy-Urban-Planning-Checklist-March-2014.pdf.
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2015a). Rwanda building code. Official Gazette, 20. Available at https:// bpmis.gov.rw/asset_uplds/files/Rwanda%20Building %20Code%20_Urban%20Planning%20Code.pdf
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2015b). National urbanization policy. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2015c). Urban planning code. Official Gazette, 20. Available at https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/Rwanda-Urban-Planning-Code-upc.pdf.
Ministry of Infrastructure, & Global Green Growth Institute. (2016). National roadmap for green secondary cities development. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2018). Rwanda committed to fast track green and public spaces. Ministry of Infrastructure. Available at http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=100&L=0&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews %5D=131&tx_news_pi1%5Bday%5D=6&tx_news_ pi1%5Bmonth%5D=9&tx_news_pi1%5Byear%5D= 2018&cHash=1f6c05fd95fe9f2298feb7c95f253a66.
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2019). 3rd National urban forum, Rwanda 2019: Implementing the new urban agenda. Ministry of Infrastructure. Available at http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=215.
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2020). 3rd National urban forum report: Implementing the new urban agenda. Ministry of Infrastructure. Available at http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?id=215.
Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests, Water and Mines. (2004). National land policy. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Ministry of Natural Resources. (2017). National land use planning guidelines. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Mogo, E. R., Lerno, A., Abdeta, C., & Olufemi, O. (2019). Mounting an effective socio-ecological response to non-communicable diseases in Africa’s cities. Cities & Health, pp. 1-6.
NHS London Healthy Urban Development Unit. (2014). Healthy Urban Planning Checklist. London: NHS. Available at https://www.healthyurbandevelopment.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Healthy-Urban-Planning-Checklist-March-2014.pdf.
Nyagatare District. (2018). Nyagatare District Development Strategy. Nyagatare: Nyagatare District.
Parker, J., & Simpson, G. (2018). Visitors satisfaction with a public green infrastructure and urban nature space in Perth. Western Australia Land, 7, p. 159.
Peters, K., Elands, B., & Buijs, A. (2010). Social interactions in urban parks: Stimulating social cohesion? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 9(2), pp. 93–100.
Rakhshandehroo, M., Tahir, O. M., Yusof, M. J. M., & Yunos, M. Y. M. (2017). The environmental benefits of urban open green spaces: A literature review. Management Research and Practice, 7(4), pp. 60–71.
Rwanda (2005). Organic Law N° 04/2005 of 08/04/2005. Determining the modalities of protection, conservation, and promotion of the environment in Rwanda. Official Gazette no. 9. 1 May 2005. Available at https://www.rema.gov.rw/rema_doc/Laws/Environment%20Organic%20Law.pdf.
Rwanda (2012). Law N° 24/2012 of 15/06/2012. Relating to the Planning of Land Use and Development in Rwanda. Official Gazette no. 31. 30 July 2012. Available at http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa114652.pdf.
Rwanda Environment Management Authority. (2017). Rwanda state of environment and outlook report 2017: Achieving sustainable urbanization. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Rwanda Environment Management Authority. (2018). Inventory of Sources of Air Pollution in Rwanda: Determination of Future Trends and Development of a National Air Quality Control Strategy. Kigali: Government of Rwanda.
Rwanda Housing Authority & Global Green Growth Institute. (2019). Mapping of Public Spaces to Inform Master Plan Review for Secondary Cities in Rwanda. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute. Available at https://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2019/09/FINAL-Mapping-of-Public-Spaces_Secondary-cities-in-Rwanda_2309.pdf.
Silva, M., & Costa, J. P. (2018). Urban floods and climate change adaptation: The potential of public space design when accommodating natural processes. Water, 10(2). Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020180.
UN General Assembly. (2016). Outcome document of the Habitat III thematic meeting on public spaces: Barcelona declaration. Barcelona: UN General Assembly. Available at http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Barcelona-Declaration.pdf.
United Nations. (2016). New urban agenda. New York, NY: United Nations. Available at http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf.
Zivanovic Milic, T., & Trkulja, S. (2017). Serbia and the Danube area in the light of the new urban agenda. Spatium, 38, pp. 51–58.
UN General Assembly. (2017). Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY: UN General Assembly. Available at https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313.
University of Rwanda. (2018). Rwanda: National Urban Policies and City Profiles for Kigali and Huye. Kigali: GCRF Centre for Sustainable, Healthy and Learning Cities and Neighborhoods (SHLC).
World Bank. (2016). Rwanda Economic Geography and Urbanization Study; Note 2: Internal Migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2017). Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda: Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals. Note 4: Profiling Secondary Cities in Rwanda – Dynamics and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank.