Creating people-friendly cities in a data rich world: towards smarter and more liveable places
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published:
Dec 31, 2018
Keywords:
smart cities liveability people-friendly urban places
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
There is a growing movement to make cities “smarter.” Typically the goal is to enhance a city’s efficiency and sustainability and thus lower carbon footprints. While these efforts are well-intended and of great importance, we must also make sure that our future cities are places that people also desire to live in across their lifespan. Against this backdrop, a European Union-funded COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action was undertaken from 2013-2017 entitled People-Friendly Cities in a Data Rich World. The Action culminated in a two-day Participatory Urbanism 2017 conference that brought together researchers, scientists, city planners, architects, public officials, urban activists, businesses, and NGOs from 30 countries. A crucial goal of this conference was to solicit both guiding principles and research questions that should be pursued in the quest to make cities more liveable for people and smarter for the planet. Here we present the main findings. Ultimately, it is hoped that these findings will help guide the creation of people-friendly cities in a data-rich world.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
How to Cite
Leyden, K. M., Lipps, B. and Kambli, N. (2018) “Creating people-friendly cities in a data rich world: towards smarter and more liveable places”, The Journal of Public Space, 3(3), pp. 103–120. doi: 10.32891/jps.v3i3.312.
Issue
Section
Society
The Authors retain copyright for articles published in The Journal of Public Space, with first publication rights granted to the journal.
Articles in this journal are published under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial Licence (CC-BY-NC) - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
You are free to:
• Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
• Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material
Under the following terms:
• Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
References
Alexander, A., Ishikawa, S., and Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Balch, O. (2016). Loneliness, affordability and green space: the challenge of building liveable cities. The Guardian, 8 December. See https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/dec/08/building-liveable-cities-loneliness-affordability-green-spaces-air-pollution-rooftop-gardens-community-cycling (accessed 30/10/2017).
Caldwell, GA., & Guaralda, M. (2016). Blurring the physical boundaries of the city: Media architecture and urban informatics for community engagement. In Caldwell, GA., Smith, CH., Clift, EM., and Cairns,G (eds.), Digital Futures and the City of Today New Technologies and Physical Spaces, pp. 235-250. Bristol, UK: Intellect.
Carmona, M., Tiesdell, S., Heath, T. and OC, T. (2010). Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design. Oxford, UK: Architecture Press.
Carr, S. (1992). Public space. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chazal, JD. (2010). A Systems Approach to Livability and Sustainability: Defining Terms and Mapping Relationships to Link Desires with Ecological Opportunities and Constraints. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 27 (5), 585–97.
Cities Alliance (2007). Liveable Cities: The Benefits of Urban Environmental Planning. See http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/720 (accessed 30/10/2017).
Dannenberg, AL., Jackson, RJ., Frumkin, H., Schieber, RA., Pratt, M., Kochtitzky, C. and Tilson, HH. (2003). The Impact of Community Design and Land-Use Choices on Public Health: A Scientific Research Agenda. American Journal of Public Health 93 (9), 1500-1508.
Design and Architecture Norway. (2018). Innovating with People. Norway.
De Waal, M. (2013). Open Data: From ‘Platform’ to ‘Program’. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp 79-82. Future Everything Publications.
Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E. and Speck, J. (2001). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. Macmillan.
Duany, A. and Talen, E. (2002). Transect planning. Journal of the American Planning Association 68(3), 245-266.
Cervero, R., Guerra, E. and Als, S. (2017). Beyond Mobility: Planning Cities for People and Places. Washington DC: Island Press.
Economist Intelligence Unit (2017). The Global Liveability Report 2017, A free Overview. See http://www.smh.com.au/cqstatic/gxx1l4/LiveabilityReport2017.pdf (accessed 1/11/2017).
European Commission (2013). Smart cities. See https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/policies/smart-cities (accessed 15/10/2017).
Fainstein, SS. (2005) Cities and Diversity: Should We Want it? Can We Plan For It? Urban Affairs Review 41 (1), 3-19.
Foth, M. (2011). From social butterfly to engaged citizen: urban informatics, social media, ubiquitous computing, and mobile technology to support citizen engagement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Fredericks, J., Caldwell, GA., and Tomitsch, M. (2016). Middle-Out Design: Collaborative Community Engagement in Urban HCI. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Australian Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction.ACM, pp. 200-204.
Frumkin, H., Frank, L. and Jackson, RJ. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health: Designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Island Press.
Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings: using public space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people. Island press.
Glaeser, E. (2011). Triumph of the City: How our Greatest Invention makes us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. USA: Penguin Group.
Greenfield, A. (2013). Against the Smart City (The City is Here for You to Use). New York: Do Projects.
Hall, P. and Pfeiffer, U. (2000). Urban Future 21: A Global Agenda for 21st Century Cities. London, UK: E&FN Spon.
Hamari, J., Sjöklint, M. and Ukkonen, A. (2016) The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67, 2047–2059. DOI: 10.1002/asi.23552.
Heinrichs, H. (2013) Sharing Economy: A Potential New Pathway to Sustainability. Gaia 22 (4), 228-231.
Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (2013). Here come the Smart Citizens. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp. 1-5. Future Everything Publications.
Hill, D. (2013) Smart Citizens Make Smart Cities. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp. 87-90. Future Everything Publications.
Hogan, MJ., Leyden, KM., Conway, R., Goldberg, A., Walsh, D. and McKenna-Plumley, PE. (2016). Happiness and health across the lifespan in five major cities: The impact of place and government performance. Social Science & Medicine 162, 168-176.
IBM (n.d.). Smarter Cities. See https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/overview/ (accessed 1/10/2017).
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
Joss, S. (2018). Future cities: asserting public governance. Palgrave Communications 4 (36), doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0087-7.
Kambli, N. (2013). Exploring the role of digital media in 21st century place-making. PhD Thesis. University of Auckland. Auckland.
Keeton, R. (2015). When Smart Cities are Stupid. International New Town Institute. See http://www.newtowninstitute.org/spip.php?article1078 (accessed 6/10/2017)
Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo Journal 79 (1): 1-14.
Tan, KG., Woo, WT., Tan, KY., Low, L. and Aw, ELG. (2012). Ranking the liveability of the world’s major cities: the Global Liveable Cities Index (GICI). World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, NJ, USA: Hackensack.
Latorre, D. (2015). The Wise City. See http://thewisecity.org/ (accessed 27/3/2018)
Latorre, D. (2018). Wise Cities (And Smart City Ethics) [podcast]. Municipal Equation Podcast. See https://soundcloud.com/municipalequation/ep-43-wise-cities-and-smart-city-ethics (accessed 27/03/2018)
Lefebvre, H. (1972). Le droit à la ville. Paris: Anthropos.
Leyden, KM. (2003). Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health 93(9), 1546–1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546.
Leyden, KM., Goldberg, A. and Michelbach, P. (2011). Understanding the pursuit of happiness in ten major cities. Urban Affairs Review, 47(6): 861-888.
Leyden, KM. and D’Arcy, LF. (2018). Rethinking Zoning for People: Utilizing the Concept of the Village. In One Hundred Years of Zoning and the Future of Cities, pp. 77-93. Springer, Cham.
Mattern, S. (2017). A City is Not a Computer. Places. See https://placesjournal.org/article/a-city-is-not-a-computer/ (accessed 6/10/2017).
Mulligan. C. (2013). Citizen Engagement in Smart Cities. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp 83-86. Future Everything Publications.
Nam, T. and Pardo, TA. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times. New York: ACM, pp. 282-291. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602
Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, AC., Mangano, G., and Scorrano, F. (2014). Current Trends in Smart City Initiatives: Some Stylised Facts. Cities 38, 25–36. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010.
National Research Council (2002). Community and quality of life: data needs for informed decision making. Washington DC., USA: National Academy Press.
Onwuegbuzie, AJ. and Leech, N. (2005). On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (5), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570500402447.
Pacione M (1990). Urban Liveability: a Review. Urban Geography 11 (1), 1-30.
Persistence Market Research (2009). Global Smart Cities Market to Exhibit 18.8% CAGR from 2016-2016 [Online]. See https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/mediarelease/smart-cities-market.asp (accessed 7/11/2017)
Robinson, A. (2017). Is a Smart City a Healthy City? See https://www.ccities.org/smart-city-healthy-city/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Robinson, R. (2015). Reclaiming the ‘Smart’ agenda for fair human outcomes enabled by technology. See https://theurbantechnologist.com/2015/03/20/reclaiming-the-smart-agenda-for-fair-human-outcomes-enabled-by-technology/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Robinson, R. (2016). Why Smart Cities are still not working for us after 20 years. And how we can fix them. See https://theurbantechnologist.com/2016/02/01/why-smart-cities-still-arent-working-for-us-after-20-years-and-how-we-can-fix-them/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Sadowski, J. (2017). Google wants to run cities without being elected. Don’t let it. The Guardian 24 October. See https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/24/google-alphabet-sidewalk-labs-toronto (accessed 25/10/2017).
Satterthwaite, D. (2016). A new urban agenda?. Environment and Urbanisation 28(1), 3-12.
Seltzer, E. and Mahmoudi, D. (2012). Citizen Participation, Open Innovation, and Crowdsourcing: Challenges and Opportunities for Planning. Journal of Planning Literature 28 (1), 3-18.
Short, JR. (2017). A Research Agenda for Cities. Massachusetts, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Smart Citizen Kit (n.d). Urban Monitoring, Environmental Data. See https://smartcitizen.me/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Stavrides, S. (2016). Common Space: The City as Commons. London, UK: Zed Books Ltd.
Sundarajan, A. (2013). From Zipcar to the Sharing Economy. Harvard Business Review. See http://oz.stern.nyu.edu/SharingEconomy2013HBR.pdf (accessed 7/11/2017).
Taylor, L. (2016). The ethics of big data as a public good: which public? Whose good? Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences 374 (2083), 20160126. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0126.
Telensa (2017) Intelligent Street Lighting. See https://www.telensa.com/ (accessed 25/10/2017).
Townsend, A. (2013) Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. New York: W.W Norton & Company Inc.
United Nations (2000). United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly A/RES/55/2. See http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf (accessed 10/10/2017)
United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals. See http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed 10/10/2017)
UN-Habitat (2001). Urbanisation: Facts and Figures. New York. See http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/bg10.htm (accessed 10/10/2017)
UN-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016. See http://wcr.unhabitat.org/main-report/ (accessed 10/10/2017)
Veeckman, C., McCrory, G., and Walravens, N. (2017). Data Literacy for Greater Civic Participation in Smart Cities – Visualising open mobility data. In Proceedings of the 21st Conference of the Environmental and Sustainability Management Accounting Network. See https://cris.vub.be/files/32617555/Veeckman_et_al._2017_.pdf (accessed 15/03/2018).
Wainwright, O. (2014). Architecture report calls for shift in UK planning culture. The Guardian, 31 March. See https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/31/architecture-review-planning-policy-sir-terry-farrell (accessed 7/11/2017).
Wolff, A., Gooch, D., Cavero Montaner, JJ., Rashid, U., and Kortuem, G. (2017). Creating an
understanding of data literacy for a data-driven society. The Journal of Community Informatics 12(3), 9-26.
Yin, RK. (2014). Case study research: design and methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., and Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of Things for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1 (1), 22-32.
Balch, O. (2016). Loneliness, affordability and green space: the challenge of building liveable cities. The Guardian, 8 December. See https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/dec/08/building-liveable-cities-loneliness-affordability-green-spaces-air-pollution-rooftop-gardens-community-cycling (accessed 30/10/2017).
Caldwell, GA., & Guaralda, M. (2016). Blurring the physical boundaries of the city: Media architecture and urban informatics for community engagement. In Caldwell, GA., Smith, CH., Clift, EM., and Cairns,G (eds.), Digital Futures and the City of Today New Technologies and Physical Spaces, pp. 235-250. Bristol, UK: Intellect.
Carmona, M., Tiesdell, S., Heath, T. and OC, T. (2010). Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design. Oxford, UK: Architecture Press.
Carr, S. (1992). Public space. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chazal, JD. (2010). A Systems Approach to Livability and Sustainability: Defining Terms and Mapping Relationships to Link Desires with Ecological Opportunities and Constraints. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 27 (5), 585–97.
Cities Alliance (2007). Liveable Cities: The Benefits of Urban Environmental Planning. See http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/720 (accessed 30/10/2017).
Dannenberg, AL., Jackson, RJ., Frumkin, H., Schieber, RA., Pratt, M., Kochtitzky, C. and Tilson, HH. (2003). The Impact of Community Design and Land-Use Choices on Public Health: A Scientific Research Agenda. American Journal of Public Health 93 (9), 1500-1508.
Design and Architecture Norway. (2018). Innovating with People. Norway.
De Waal, M. (2013). Open Data: From ‘Platform’ to ‘Program’. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp 79-82. Future Everything Publications.
Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E. and Speck, J. (2001). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. Macmillan.
Duany, A. and Talen, E. (2002). Transect planning. Journal of the American Planning Association 68(3), 245-266.
Cervero, R., Guerra, E. and Als, S. (2017). Beyond Mobility: Planning Cities for People and Places. Washington DC: Island Press.
Economist Intelligence Unit (2017). The Global Liveability Report 2017, A free Overview. See http://www.smh.com.au/cqstatic/gxx1l4/LiveabilityReport2017.pdf (accessed 1/11/2017).
European Commission (2013). Smart cities. See https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/policies/smart-cities (accessed 15/10/2017).
Fainstein, SS. (2005) Cities and Diversity: Should We Want it? Can We Plan For It? Urban Affairs Review 41 (1), 3-19.
Foth, M. (2011). From social butterfly to engaged citizen: urban informatics, social media, ubiquitous computing, and mobile technology to support citizen engagement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Fredericks, J., Caldwell, GA., and Tomitsch, M. (2016). Middle-Out Design: Collaborative Community Engagement in Urban HCI. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Australian Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction.ACM, pp. 200-204.
Frumkin, H., Frank, L. and Jackson, RJ. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health: Designing, planning, and building for healthy communities. Island Press.
Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings: using public space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people. Island press.
Glaeser, E. (2011). Triumph of the City: How our Greatest Invention makes us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. USA: Penguin Group.
Greenfield, A. (2013). Against the Smart City (The City is Here for You to Use). New York: Do Projects.
Hall, P. and Pfeiffer, U. (2000). Urban Future 21: A Global Agenda for 21st Century Cities. London, UK: E&FN Spon.
Hamari, J., Sjöklint, M. and Ukkonen, A. (2016) The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67, 2047–2059. DOI: 10.1002/asi.23552.
Heinrichs, H. (2013) Sharing Economy: A Potential New Pathway to Sustainability. Gaia 22 (4), 228-231.
Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (2013). Here come the Smart Citizens. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp. 1-5. Future Everything Publications.
Hill, D. (2013) Smart Citizens Make Smart Cities. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp. 87-90. Future Everything Publications.
Hogan, MJ., Leyden, KM., Conway, R., Goldberg, A., Walsh, D. and McKenna-Plumley, PE. (2016). Happiness and health across the lifespan in five major cities: The impact of place and government performance. Social Science & Medicine 162, 168-176.
IBM (n.d.). Smarter Cities. See https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/overview/ (accessed 1/10/2017).
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
Joss, S. (2018). Future cities: asserting public governance. Palgrave Communications 4 (36), doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0087-7.
Kambli, N. (2013). Exploring the role of digital media in 21st century place-making. PhD Thesis. University of Auckland. Auckland.
Keeton, R. (2015). When Smart Cities are Stupid. International New Town Institute. See http://www.newtowninstitute.org/spip.php?article1078 (accessed 6/10/2017)
Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. Geo Journal 79 (1): 1-14.
Tan, KG., Woo, WT., Tan, KY., Low, L. and Aw, ELG. (2012). Ranking the liveability of the world’s major cities: the Global Liveable Cities Index (GICI). World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, NJ, USA: Hackensack.
Latorre, D. (2015). The Wise City. See http://thewisecity.org/ (accessed 27/3/2018)
Latorre, D. (2018). Wise Cities (And Smart City Ethics) [podcast]. Municipal Equation Podcast. See https://soundcloud.com/municipalequation/ep-43-wise-cities-and-smart-city-ethics (accessed 27/03/2018)
Lefebvre, H. (1972). Le droit à la ville. Paris: Anthropos.
Leyden, KM. (2003). Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health 93(9), 1546–1551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546.
Leyden, KM., Goldberg, A. and Michelbach, P. (2011). Understanding the pursuit of happiness in ten major cities. Urban Affairs Review, 47(6): 861-888.
Leyden, KM. and D’Arcy, LF. (2018). Rethinking Zoning for People: Utilizing the Concept of the Village. In One Hundred Years of Zoning and the Future of Cities, pp. 77-93. Springer, Cham.
Mattern, S. (2017). A City is Not a Computer. Places. See https://placesjournal.org/article/a-city-is-not-a-computer/ (accessed 6/10/2017).
Mulligan. C. (2013). Citizen Engagement in Smart Cities. In Hemment, D. and Townsend, AM. (eds.) Smart Citizens, pp 83-86. Future Everything Publications.
Nam, T. and Pardo, TA. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times. New York: ACM, pp. 282-291. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602
Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, AC., Mangano, G., and Scorrano, F. (2014). Current Trends in Smart City Initiatives: Some Stylised Facts. Cities 38, 25–36. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010.
National Research Council (2002). Community and quality of life: data needs for informed decision making. Washington DC., USA: National Academy Press.
Onwuegbuzie, AJ. and Leech, N. (2005). On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (5), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570500402447.
Pacione M (1990). Urban Liveability: a Review. Urban Geography 11 (1), 1-30.
Persistence Market Research (2009). Global Smart Cities Market to Exhibit 18.8% CAGR from 2016-2016 [Online]. See https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/mediarelease/smart-cities-market.asp (accessed 7/11/2017)
Robinson, A. (2017). Is a Smart City a Healthy City? See https://www.ccities.org/smart-city-healthy-city/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Robinson, R. (2015). Reclaiming the ‘Smart’ agenda for fair human outcomes enabled by technology. See https://theurbantechnologist.com/2015/03/20/reclaiming-the-smart-agenda-for-fair-human-outcomes-enabled-by-technology/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Robinson, R. (2016). Why Smart Cities are still not working for us after 20 years. And how we can fix them. See https://theurbantechnologist.com/2016/02/01/why-smart-cities-still-arent-working-for-us-after-20-years-and-how-we-can-fix-them/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Sadowski, J. (2017). Google wants to run cities without being elected. Don’t let it. The Guardian 24 October. See https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/24/google-alphabet-sidewalk-labs-toronto (accessed 25/10/2017).
Satterthwaite, D. (2016). A new urban agenda?. Environment and Urbanisation 28(1), 3-12.
Seltzer, E. and Mahmoudi, D. (2012). Citizen Participation, Open Innovation, and Crowdsourcing: Challenges and Opportunities for Planning. Journal of Planning Literature 28 (1), 3-18.
Short, JR. (2017). A Research Agenda for Cities. Massachusetts, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Smart Citizen Kit (n.d). Urban Monitoring, Environmental Data. See https://smartcitizen.me/ (accessed 15/10/2017).
Stavrides, S. (2016). Common Space: The City as Commons. London, UK: Zed Books Ltd.
Sundarajan, A. (2013). From Zipcar to the Sharing Economy. Harvard Business Review. See http://oz.stern.nyu.edu/SharingEconomy2013HBR.pdf (accessed 7/11/2017).
Taylor, L. (2016). The ethics of big data as a public good: which public? Whose good? Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences 374 (2083), 20160126. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0126.
Telensa (2017) Intelligent Street Lighting. See https://www.telensa.com/ (accessed 25/10/2017).
Townsend, A. (2013) Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. New York: W.W Norton & Company Inc.
United Nations (2000). United Nations Millennium Declaration. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly A/RES/55/2. See http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf (accessed 10/10/2017)
United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals. See http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed 10/10/2017)
UN-Habitat (2001). Urbanisation: Facts and Figures. New York. See http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/bg10.htm (accessed 10/10/2017)
UN-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016. See http://wcr.unhabitat.org/main-report/ (accessed 10/10/2017)
Veeckman, C., McCrory, G., and Walravens, N. (2017). Data Literacy for Greater Civic Participation in Smart Cities – Visualising open mobility data. In Proceedings of the 21st Conference of the Environmental and Sustainability Management Accounting Network. See https://cris.vub.be/files/32617555/Veeckman_et_al._2017_.pdf (accessed 15/03/2018).
Wainwright, O. (2014). Architecture report calls for shift in UK planning culture. The Guardian, 31 March. See https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/31/architecture-review-planning-policy-sir-terry-farrell (accessed 7/11/2017).
Wolff, A., Gooch, D., Cavero Montaner, JJ., Rashid, U., and Kortuem, G. (2017). Creating an
understanding of data literacy for a data-driven society. The Journal of Community Informatics 12(3), 9-26.
Yin, RK. (2014). Case study research: design and methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., and Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of Things for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1 (1), 22-32.